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[ Silence ]

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>> While NASA flies the
International Space Station some

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240 miles above earth,

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it is also operating a mission
63 feet below the surface

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of the Atlantic Ocean.

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NEMO is the NASA Extreme
Environment Missions Operations

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Program, and it has
its 16th crew

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on board the Aquarius
Research Habitat off the coast

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of Key Largo, Florida right now.

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This time they're simulating a
visit to an asteroid building

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on lessons learned from
NEMO 15 to test solutions

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to the engineering
challenges that'll be faced

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on such a mission.

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One member of NEMO 15 is also
on NEMO 16, and he's with us now

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to provide an update
on the mission.

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[Background noise] Dr.
Steve Squires in a professor

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of Astronomy at Cornell
University,

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is Chairman of the
NASA Advisory Council

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and is also principal
investigator

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for the Science Payloads on
the Mars exploration rovers.

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Steve, since we can see you,
would you explain where you are

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in the habitat and tell
us how much space there is

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to accommodate you
and your crewmates.

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>> [Background noise]
Sure, I'd be glad to.

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Right now I'm in what
we call the main loft.

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This is kind of our
primary area for any kind

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of group activities, eating,

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food preparation,
that sort of stuff.

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This is where we have our daily
briefing and that kind of thing.

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Aquarius is a pretty cozy place.

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It's roughly the size

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of a school bus maybe even
a little smaller than that.

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Six people in here
for two weeks,

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we get to know each
other pretty well.

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So it's a small volume, but it's
certainly more than adequate

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for what we're doing down here.

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>> I mentioned that
this visit is intended

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to simulate a visit
to an asteroid.

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For starters, is -- is
the size of the habitat

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and the isolation
important to that simulation?

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>> Yeah, [background noise]
I think it is important

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to that simulation.

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When a crew goes to an asteroid,

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it's going to be
a small vehicle.

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They're going to be
in tight quarters,

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maybe even tighter than,
what we're in here.

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Yeah, the isolation
is a big part of it.

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We're doing most of this mission
with a 50-second time delay

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between us and mission control.

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When a crew goes to an asteroid,
they're going to be so far

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from earth that it
might take 10, 20, 50,

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60 seconds for a radio signal
traveling at the speed of light

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to get to that asteroid
and to that crew

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and then a comparable
time to get back.

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And so we're simulating that and
that does provide a real sense

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of isolation while
we're down here.

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>> That -- that the
communications delay is one

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of the primary things that
you folks are looking at here.

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Is a 50 -- 5-0 second
communications delay,

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is that what you've been
working on throughout?

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>> Yeah, we've been
using 50 seconds

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for almost all the mission.

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We had one day where we were
doing some emergency scenarios

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where we would have a
simulated emergency on board,

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a need to interact with say
a doctor, a flight surgeon

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on the ground and for
some of those we --

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one of those we did a
five-minute time delay and one

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of those we did a
10-minute time delay.

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It really isolates you.

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You know, if you've got a very
dynamic emergent situation going

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on and you know you try
to talk to mission control

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and you get an answer
back 20 minutes later,

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you're basically on your own.

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>> I was wondering, have
you found that talking --

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you've changed how you
talk to mission control

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because of those delays and
the way they talk to you.

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>> It has changed things --

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yeah it has changed
things quite a bit.

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When you are talking to them
typically what you'll do is

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you'll say, "Mission
control this is Aquarius,

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we'll have a message coming
to you in 10 seconds."

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That way, they've got 10
seconds to kind of get ready,

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get a heads up to know
that the message is coming.

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We find ourselves
using text a lot.

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Texting is a good way to
communicate back and forth

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when you have a time delay.

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It's very much like texting
in any other setting.

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So yeah, our interactions with
Mission Control are different.

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They're also more limited.

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There's not as much back
and forth because again,

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if we're doing a
simulated space walk,

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which is a pretty dynamic thing,
rather than them you know,

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sort of talking to us
as we're doing the job,

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most of the communications
is just within those of us

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down here, the crew members who
are outside, the crew members

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who are inside the habitat.

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>> Do you find -- do you take
things upon yourselves more

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rather than asking for
permission or help?

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>> Yeah and it's
typically becomes necessary

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to take more initiative.

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I think that's very
representative of what's going

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to happen to a crew that
goes to an asteroid,

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a crew that goes to Mars.

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Anybody who goes far from home,
you're going to be much more --

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you're going to have to
be much more independent.

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>> The communication delays as
well as the crew size are two

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of the main areas of
focus for your mission.

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The third one is restraint
and translation techniques.

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Can you tell me why that's
applicable, particularly

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to an asteroid mission?

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>> You know, honestly I think
that's the most important,

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most crucial thing that
we're doing down here.

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When you get to an asteroid
you're going to be going

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to an object that's small.

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Most of the asteroids that we're
talking about sending crews

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to are at most a
kilometer or two in size.

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They're little size --
they're little objects.

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What that mean is -- means
is they effectively have

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no gravity.

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So you're doing a space
walk, you're in 0G

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when you're interacting
with these things.

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Now we have lots of experience

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with crewmembers
doing space walks,

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for example outside the
international space station,

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but asteroids don't
have handrails.

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Asteroids are bumpy, irregular,
unpredictable surfaces

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and so how you do scientific
exploration in 0G on the surface

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of an asteroid is something
that no one knows how to do.

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And really what this mission is

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about primarily is
learning how to do that.

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And so we're trying a whole
bunch of different techniques

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for moving, for anchoring
ourselves,

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for moving around once we're
anchored down onto the surface,

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positioning ourselves, things
we call worksite stabilization;

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getting into a stable
environment

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where you can interact
with the surface.

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We're trying out a bunch
of those techniques

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to see what works
well and what doesn't.

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>> Can you give me a couple --

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a few examples of what
you've been doing out there,

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how you've been trying
to simulate that?

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>> Sure. One thing
that we assume --

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and we don't know how this
is going to actually happen,

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but we'll assume that some kind

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of anchoring technique
can be developed

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where you can fasten something
solidly to the asteroid surface.

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So then imagine if
you've got a couple

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of anchor points you can
string up a line effectively,

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a tight rope between them.

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We call that a translation line

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and you can move
over hand-over-hand.

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You can tether yourself to it to
keep yourself safely in place.

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So that's an example of one kind

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of translation technique
that we would use.

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>> Those same things have been
done on space stations before

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and on space shuttles,
translating along that line?

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We haven't had to...

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>> Yeah, the difference
is you have to have --

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you have to put that
line in place yourself

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because the asteroid
doesn't provide it for you.

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Another thing that we're using
are what we call jet packs.

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But basically, it's a -- it's
a back-mounted thruster package

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that you can use to translate.

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You can use to fly around.

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Those are great for
covering long distances very,

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very quickly -- very, very good.

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But of course, once you get to
a worksite you've got no way

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to stabilize yourself.

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You have -- you know
if you hit a rock

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with a hammer you're just going
to go drifting off into space.

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One that we all like very
much is we have these small

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submarines down here --
one-person submarines.

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What those do is they simulate a
small space exploration vehicle

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that you can take with you to an
asteroid and you can use those

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to position what's
called a foot-restraint.

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This is something you
can clip your feet into,

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gives you a solid
stable platform.

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The submarine will take you to
the position you want to be at,

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will settle into a
stable configuration,

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you clip your feet into
this foot restraint,

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you've got both hands free
and then you just go to work.

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And that's turned out to be
a very effective technique.

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>> I would imagine that
the difficulty comes

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in making the submarine
hold its position then.

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>> Yeah, having to hold --

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the submarine hold its
position would be the hard part.

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The way you would do that
in space is you would do it

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with a position hold capability

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on the asteroid control
system on the spacecraft.

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So it's using thrusters
to stabilize itself

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and keep itself solidly
in place.

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The way we do it and
the way we simulate

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that with the submarines
is they just simply settle

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down on the bottom.

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>> And you hope that you can
count on that on the asteroid?

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>> Well, you're not going
to be able to settle

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down onto the asteroid.

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The asteroid doesn't have
gravity to hold you in place.

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So when you get to the asteroid
you're going to have to depend

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on the spacecraft to be
able to position itself

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and hold itself in place.

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So now, we've got a set
of specific requirements

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that we can give the
engineers and say, "Okay,

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we need a space craft
that can do this."

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>> We haven't mentioned it
specifically, but I assume

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that you're going
outside on dives

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to simulate the working
in weightlessness.

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>> Yeah that's correct.

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We're doing simulated
space walks.

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As we speak right now,
there's one underway.

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I don't know maybe you can
even hear it in the background.

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Camia Uey and Donnie
Metcalf-Lindenberger are outside

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simulating a space walk right
now while I'm talking to you.

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We do two simulated
space walks per day.

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We send two crew members
out at a time typically

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for about three,
three-and-a-half hours.

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So we do one pair
out in the morning

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and one pair out
in the afternoon.

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>> I mentioned that
you were a member

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of the previous NEMO crew.

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Can you give me a sense of how
some of the lessons that you

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and your previous crewmates
learned are being explored,

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examined, or exploited
on this mission?

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>> Yeah we learned an
enormous amount on NEMO 15,

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my previous experience down
here and that has all been put

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into action on NEMO 16.

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On NEMO 15 for example, we
did have translation lines,

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but they were little
flimsy things.

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Imagine a clothesline
kind of thing.

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And they were floppy and you
couldn't really stabilize off

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of them.

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It wasn't a good way

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to stabilize yourself
once you moved around.

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So lesson learned from that one,

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we've got basically
really tight,

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tightly tensioned climbing ropes
effectively that we can use

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to move around and
those are far superior

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to what we used on NEMO 15.

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The tools for collecting
samples are all better.

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Regularly we learn -- now
the only thing that happened

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on NEMO 15, on NEMO
15, we had a hurricane.

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A hurricane came through and
a mission that was supposed

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to be 13 days long got cut
short after just six days.

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So on NEMO 15 we never got to
even try out the submarine stuff

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and -- so that's been a big
lesson learned on this mission,

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is the value of working
with a small space craft

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that are simulated
by the submarine.

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>> On the subject of
submarines, you had a blog post

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that you just published about
your work with submarines.

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NEMO 16 has been making
a big effort with a lot

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of different social media
outlets and live video streams

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to share the mission
with people.

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How did the sub mission go
yesterday or two days ago?

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>> Yeah I think --
I think yesterday

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and the day before you know, I
got to do NEMO 15 and NEMO 16

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and I think the past two days
have been the best two days

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of NEMO that I've
ever experienced.

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One of our habitat technicians
down here is James Talosec.

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James is an incredibly
experienced diver.

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He's got 20 years of
professional dive experience,

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12 years down here at Aquarius.

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He said that yesterday was the
most complicated thing he's seen

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anybody try to do in the water.

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We had two submarines
in the water.

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We had two aquanauts
out of jet packs.

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We had at some point, 9, 10,
11 different support divers

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in the water managing
tethers, managing umbilicals

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and we just nailed it.

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Everything went right.

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We got everything done.

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We collected all the data.

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I think we've definitively
shown how well that combination

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of submarines and
jet packs works.

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It's -- it's been just
a fantastic mission

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and the last two days in
particular have just been

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for me, the high point of both
of my NEMO missions together.

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>> What's left on the
agenda for this flight?

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What else do you folks
have to do before you come

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up at the end of the week?

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>> Well, we've got two more
days worth of EVAs today

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and tomorrow, two more days
of simulated space walks.

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And the nice thing is, at this
point, we've learned so much

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that now -- now we
can try other things

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that we might not have
thought of before.

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I wouldn't call it
quite improvisation,

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but its experimentation.

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Before we came down here, we
had a set of specific tasks

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that we wanted to achieve.

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We've really achieved most of
those and so now we've got time

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on the schedule to build
on what we've learned,

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try some new things,

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try different techniques using
them together in combinations

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and ways we might not have
thought of previously --

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experiment, take advantage
of the opportunity.

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We're down here.

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We've got everything filed in.

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We've really found a groove.

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We know what we're doing,
we're doing it well,

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and so now we can try a bunch

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of different things
and see what works.

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>> You're already
implementing some

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of the lessons you've
learned here...

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>> Exactly.

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>> ...before this is even over.

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Well, Steve, good luck with
the rest of the mission.

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We appreciate your taking
a few minutes to bring us

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up to speed on what's going on.

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00:13:19,716 --> 00:13:20,916
>> Thanks very much
-- enjoyed doing it.

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>> NEMO 16 crewmember, Dr. Steve
Squires of Cornell University.

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You can find out a lot
more about what Steve

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and his crewmates have
been doing on the floor

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of the Atlantic Ocean.

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They have blog posts and
pictures, the whole thing.